Adobe Dreamweaver Cs6 Revealed by Sherry Bishop

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Other editions. Enlarge cover. Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Open Preview See a Problem? Details if other :. Thanks for увидеть больше us about adone problem. Return to Book Page. Discover all that Adobe Dreamweaver CS6 has to offer! Whether you’re looking for a thorough introduction to Dreamweaver or a reliable reference for your web design and development work, this proven resource is an ideal choice. In adobf to detailed information on the current Dreamweaver interface, features, and functionality, the guide includes hands-on projects and real-world case studies to help you hone your skills and appreciate their professional relevance.

The book highlights features new to CS6 and explores cutting-edge web standards and design trends, including CSS3 best practices, HTML5 layouts, multiscreen preview, and media читать больше for mobile devices. The author, an experienced design professional and award-winning educator, also emphasizes fundamental web design principles, helping adoge develop knowledge and skills that go beyond a specific software package and can serve you well throughout your career.

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Along with the options for creating a standard Dreamweaver site, the dialog ofers the ability to create a site based on the services ofered by Adobe Business Catalyst. Business Catalyst is an online, hosted application that allows you to build and manage rich, dynamic web-based businesses. To learn more about the capabilities of Business Catalyst, check out www.

To create a standard website in Dreamweaver CS6, you need only name it and select the local site folder. Site names typically relate to a speciic project or client and will appear in the Files panel. For example, many websites provide individual folders for images, PDFs, video, and so on. Dreamweaver assists in this endeavor by including an option for a Default Images folder. Later, as you insert images from other places on your computer, Dreamweaver will use this setting to automatically move the images into the site structure.

Setting up a site is a crucial irst step in beginning any project in Dreamweaver. Knowing where the site root folder is located helps Dreamweaver determine link pathways and enables many site-wide options, such as Find and Replace.

Click Cancel. You will use the Welcome screen several times in this book. You can re-enable the Welcome screen in the General category of the Dreamweaver Preferences panel. Take a few moments to familiarize yourself with the design and components on the page. Can you determine what makes this layout diferent from existing HTML 4-based designs? You will learn the diferences as you work through this lesson. You will align this element to the left later in this lesson. Observe the names and order of the tag selectors at the bottom of the document window.

Elements appearing to the left are parents, or containers, of all elements to the right. As you click around the page sections, you will be able to determine the HTML structure without having to delve into the Code view window at all.

In many ways, the tag selector interface makes the job of identifying the HTML skeleton much easier, especially in complex page designs. These are some of the new semantic elements being introduced in HTML5. By using elements that are named for speciic tasks or types of content, you can streamline code construction while achieving other beneits as well.

For example, as search engines, such as Google and Yahoo, are optimized for HTML5, they will be able to locate and identify speciic types of content on each page more quickly, making your site more useful and easier to browse. Using these new elements means that you can apply complex CSS styling while reducing the complexity of the code overall. You can still use class and id attributes, but the new semantic elements reduce the need for this technique.

Style display is typically on by default showing a check mark in the menu. Without the CSS styling, the navigation menu reverted back to a simple bulleted, or unordered, list with hyperlinks. Not too long ago this menu would have been built with images and complex rollover animation. If the images failed to load, the menu usually became a jumbled, unusable mess. But navigation built on text-based lists, on the other hand, will always be usable, even without styling. Get into the habit of saving your iles on a regular basis.

It will prevent the loss of data and important changes to your iles. In the Save As dialog box, navigate to the site root folder, if necessary. Name the ile mylayout. All HTML pages created for the inal site will be saved in the site root folder. If you start at the top of the page and work down, the irst step would be to insert the graphical banner that appears in the inal design. You could insert the banner directly into the header, but adding it as a background image has the advantage of leaving that element open for other content.

It will also allow the design to be more adaptable to other applications, like cell phones and mobile devices. Press Delete. When you delete the image placeholder, the empty header will collapse to a fraction of its former size because it has no CSS height speciication. But HTML5 is not the current web standard and some pages or components may not display properly on certain older browsers and devices.

With all the caveats out of the way, the ugly truth is that even when you use standard HTML 4 code and components, older browsers and certain devices will still fail to render them properly. Some web design- ers believe that the longer we persist in using the older code, the longer the older software and devices will hang around making our lives diicult and delaying the inevitable adoption of HTML5.

These design- ers say we should abandon the older standards and force users to upgrade as soon as possible. Background images repeat both vertically and horizontally by default. Click Apply. Note that the image is slightly narrower than the container. Before clicking OK, we need to add some inishing touches to the element. Did you notice that the butterly actually overlaps both the header and the hori- zontal navigation bar?

This technique has declined dramatically in recent years as the need to support cell phones and other mobile devices has increased. For certain applications, AP divs are still handy.

An AP div will appear at the top left of the header. Note the ID apDiv1 assigned to the new div in the tag selector. A corresponding rule has been added to the CSS Styles panel. Another property to be aware of is the z-index. By default, all elements have a z-index of zero 0. On the other hand, the AP div has a z-index of 1, which means it will appear above all the other elements on the page. All the values displayed in the Property inspector are actually stored in the apDiv1 rule that was generated automatically by Dreamweaver.

Select butterly-ovr. Observe the dimensions of the image: pixels by pixels. The PNG ile type supports alpha transparency, making this 3D efect pos- sible. Unfortunately, older browsers may not support alpha transparency and other PNG features. If you use PNG iles with such efects, always test them in your target browsers to make sure the desired efects are supported.

Change the height to px. Type 30 px in the Left margin ield. An AP div acts like a free agent. Press the Right Arrow key. Type FFC in the Color ield. Select Bold from the Font-weight ield. Enter 20 px in the Right padding ield. Enter 5 px Bottom ield, remember in the Bottom padding ield. Enter the following values only in the corresponding Bottom border ields: solid, 2 px, Dreamweaver does ofer HTML 4 layouts that match the design criteria much more closely, but it was hard to resist working with an HTML5 layout and all the new semantic elements.

Besides, adjusting the layout is a lot easier than you may think. For example, the overall width has to be modiied to match the banner image. You can use the rulers to measure the width and height of HTML elements or images. To give you more lexibility, you can set this zero point anywhere in the Design window. Drag the crosshairs to the upper-left corner of the header element in the current layout.

Note the width of the layout. Using the ruler, you can see that the layout is between and pixels wide. Observe the tag selector display to locate any elements that may control the width of the entire page; it would have to be an element that contains all the other elements.

By now you should be getting good at CSS forensics using the tag selector interface and the Code Navigator. In our example, the main content area shifted down below the sidebar. Note its width: pixels. In the Properties section of the panel, change the width to px.

For this application, a thin border makes the most sense. In the Border category, if necessary select the Same For All check boxes and enter the following values for all border ields: solid, 2px, and A dark green border appears around the page edge.

Type Green News. Change Link two to read Green Products. Change Link three to read Green Events. Change Link four to read Green Travel. Type Green Tips. Observe the menu items and compare the irst four with the last. Can you see the diference? For Green Tips to look like the other menu items, you have to add a hyperlink, or at least a similar placeholder. All the menu items are identically formatted now.

In some cases, the rules listed may only afect the element in a roundabout way, as in the body rule, which afects all HTML elements on the page. Remember, more than one rule can, and probably will, format each page element. Be careful. Sound right? In the Properties section of the panel, change the existing background color to But the black text is diicult to read against the green background color.

As you see in the horizontal menu, a lighter color would be more appropriate. You can use the Properties section of the CSS Styles panel to add, as well as edit, element properties. A new property ield appears. Type FFC in the Value ield. According to the Code Navigator, the nav ul a, nav format various default hyperlink behaviors. Inserting an image placeholder he sidebar will feature photos, captions, and short blurbs on environmental top- ics.

If it were, it would inherit any margins, padding, and other formatting applied to the paragraph, which could cause it to disrupt the layout. Type in the Height ield. Type Insert caption here. Type Insert main heading here to replace the text. Type Insert subheading here to replace the text. Type Insert content here to replace it.

Type Copyright Meridien GreenStart. Checking browser compatibility he CSS layouts included with Dreamweaver have been thoroughly tested to work lawlessly in all modern browsers. However, during the lesson you made major modiications to the original layout. Before you use this page as your project template, you should check its compatibility.

When the Report box opens, there should be no issues listed. You created a workable basic page layout for your project tem- plate and learned how to insert additional components, image placeholders, text, and headings; adjust CSS formatting; and check for browser compatibility.

In the upcoming lessons, you will work further on this ile to complete the site template, tweak the CSS formatting and set up the template structure. How did they get here? It allows you to investigate what CSS rules are formatting a selected element and how they are applied.

Stored in a cascading style sheet CSS , the formatting can be quickly changed and substituted for speciic applications and devices. Note the layout, various colors, and other formats applied to the text and page elements—all created by cascading style sheets CSS. Using the comment structure allows such applications to ignore the CSS. When you create new rules or edit existing ones, Dreamweaver makes all the changes in the code for you, saving you time and reducing the possibility of code-entry errors.

P Note: The names and order of styles in your panel may vary from those pictured. But as you can see in the CSS Styles panel above, the rule reference appears near the bottom of all the rules. In this instance, moving this rule within the style sheet will not afect how it formats the element but it will make it easier to ind if you need to edit it later. P Note: Before 6 Select the apDiv1 rule and drag it directly underneath the. It has also rewritten the code in the embedded style sheet, moving the rule to its new position.

Arranging related rules together can save time later when you need to format speciic elements or components. But be on the lookout for unintended consequences.

Observe the properties and values that appear in the Property section of the panel. Most of these settings came with the layout, although you changed the background color in the last lesson. Note that the margins and padding are set to zero. As in the body rule, this rule sets all margin and padding values to zero.

Do you know why? An experienced web designer could select each rule in turn and probably igure out the reasons for each of the formats and settings. If you are in Design view, Dreamweaver will display the document in Split view and then focus on the section of code that contains the ul, ol, dl rule.

In Code view, it will jump to the appropriate lines that contain the rule. Like HTML comments, this text usually provides behind-the-scenes information that will not be displayed within the browser or afect any elements. Comments are a good way to leave handy reminders within the body of the webpage or to leave notes to yourself or others explaining why you wrote the code in a particular fashion. It will help you ind speciic rules quickly and help remind you what you have already styled within your page.

P Note: When 11 Using the CSS Styles panel, reorder the rules in the list, as necessary, so they moving rules using the match the order shown in the igure below. CSS Styles panel, the position of comments that are not embedded may not be preserved. Working with type One of the irst basic choices any designer must make for a website is selecting the default typeface or typefaces.

Some designers may use multiple typefaces for diferent purposes throughout the site. Others select a single base typeface that may match their normal corporate themes or culture. CSS gives you tremendous control over page appearance. Some call this technique degrading gracefully. Dreamweaver CS6 ofers more than a dozen predeined font groups.

You have successfully changed the basic font of the entire webpage by editing one rule. All the text on the page now displays in Trebuchet MS. Headings, paragraphs, and list elements are all sized relative to this setting.

Font size can convey the relative importance of the content on the page. Headings are typically larger than the text they introduce for that reason. Observe the tag selectors at the bottom of the document window. Identify the element that contains this caption. To reduce the text size, you could create a new compound rule to format any of those elements. Such a rule would narrowly target the styling to content contained therein and ignore the vertical menu altogether. Many designers resort to images to add graphical lair when code-based techniques can be problematic.

But large images can consume too much Internet bandwidth and make pages slow to load and respond. In some cases, a strategically designed small image can be used to create interesting 3D shapes and efects.

In this exercise, you will learn how to create a three-dimensional efect with the help of a tiny image graphic and the CSS background property. Click the Browse button next to the Background-image ield. Observe the image dimensions and preview. Notice the lighter shade of green at the top of the graphic. Since the page is pixels wide, you know that this graphic could never ill the horizontal menu unless it were copied and pasted hundreds of times.

Some graphics, with shading, like background. CSS allows you to control the repeat to ill the entire element as necessary. Note that function and limit it to either the vertical or horizontal axis. Choose repeat-x from the Background-repeat ield menu. Creating descendant selectors he predeined style sheet declares a rule for multiple elements that will afect all h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, and p tags no matter where they appear on the page.

But if you want to target a style at a speciic tag within a speciic element, it requires a descendant selector. Dreamweaver makes it easy to create such rules.

Note the names and order of the tag selectors at the bottom of the document window. As described earlier in this chapter, when creating new rules take care about where they appear in the style sheet. Rules at the top of the sheet can pass formatting to rules appearing later using inheritance or cancel settings because of higher speciicity. Inserting a rule in the wrong place could cause the browsers to ignore it altogether. P Note: When the cursor is inserted into Because you selected the. If the Compound compound selector selector type is not displayed, choose it from the Selector Type menu.

Typically, when the cursor is inserted not displayed when the into page content, the dialog box defaults to the Compound selector type and dialog box irst appears. Whenever possible, rules should be simpliied to reduce the total amount of code that needs to be downloaded. Enter 5px in the Bottom margin ield. Note that the new rule was inserted directly after the.

Dreamweaver makes it easy to apply classes. Make sure the cursor is lashing in the element and that no text is selected. P Note: You may need to refresh the page display to see the updated tag selector. When the cursor is inserted in an existing element, Dreamweaver assumes you want to apply the class to the entire element.

Choose green from the Class menu in the Property inspector. Now remove the class. Insert the cursor anywhere in the formatted text. When the cursor is inserted in Design or Code view. Creating custom IDs he CSS id attribute is given the highest speciic weight in CSS styling because it is used to identify unique content on a webpage and therefore should trump all other styling. Right-click the selector name and choose Edit Selector from the context menu. Note the ID displayed in the Property inspector.

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Adobe Photoshop Cs6 Revealed – Adobe dreamweaver cs6 revealed pdf free

Where speciic commands difer, they are noted within the text. For additional information resources, such as tips, techniques, and the latest prod- uct information, visit www.

Checking for updates Adobe periodically provides software updates. You can obtain these updates using Adobe Updater if you have an active Internet connection. Only the commands and options used in the lessons are explained in this book.

For comprehensive information about program features and tutorials, please refer to these resources: Adobe Community Help: Community Help brings together active Adobe product users, Adobe product team members, authors, and experts to give you the most useful, relevant, and up-to-date information about Adobe products. Adobe content is updated based on community feedback and contributions. You can add comments to content and forums including links to web content , publish your own content using Community Publishing, or contribute Cookbook recipes.

Find out how to contribute at www. See community. Adobe Forums: forums. Adobe TV: tv. Adobe Design Center: www. Adobe Developer Connection: www. Resources for educators: www. Find solutions for education at all levels, including free curricula that use an integrated approach to teaching Adobe software and can be used to prepare for the Adobe Certiied Associate exams.

Adobe Dreamweaver CS6 product home page: www. You can use Adobe certiication as a catalyst for getting a raise, inding a job, or promoting your expertise. If you are an ACE-level instructor, the Adobe Certiied Instructor program takes your skills to the next level and gives you access to a wide range of Adobe resources. Adobe Authorized Training Centers ofer instructor-led courses and training on Adobe products, employing only Adobe Certiied Instructors. A directory of AATCs is available at partners.

For information on the Adobe Certiied programs, visit www. Dreamweaver ofers something for everyone. Take a moment to familiarize yourself with the names of these components.

Dreamweaver provides much of its power via dockable panels and toolbars you can display or hide and arrange in innumerable combinations to create your ideal workspace. In the lesson01 folder, choose start-here. Click Open. Design view Design view focuses the Dreamweaver workspace on its WYSIWYG editor, which provides a close, but not perfect, depiction of the webpage as it would appear in a browser. To activate Design view, click the Design view button in the Document toolbar.

Design view Code view Code view focuses the Dreamweaver workspace exclusively on the HTML code and a variety of code-editing productivity tools.

To access Code view, click the Code view button in the Document toolbar. Changes made in either window update in the other instantly. To access Split view, click the Split view button in the Document toolbar. To take advantage of the expanded width of the new lat-panel displays, Dreamweaver splits the workspace vertically, by default. Split view You can also split the screen horizontally by disabling the vertical split in the view menu.

You can display, hide, arrange, and dock panels at will around the screen. You can even move them to a second or third video display if you desire. Standard panel grouping he Window menu lists all the available panels. If you do not see a speciic panel on the screen, choose it from the Window menu.

A check mark appears in the menu to indicate that the panel is open. Occasionally, one panel may lie behind another on the screen and be diicult to locate. In such situations, simply choose the desired panel in the Window menu and it will rise to the top of the stack.

To minimize a panel, double- click the tab containing the panel name. To expand the panel, double-click the tab again. Minimizing one panel in a stack using its tab To recover more screen real estate, you can minimize panel groups or stacks down to icons by double-clicking the title bar. You can also minimize the panels to icons by clicking the double arrow icon in the panel title bar.

When panels are minimized to icons, you access any of the individual panels by clicking its icon or button. Minimizing sequence to icons Floating A panel grouped with other panels can be loated separately. To loat a panel, drag it from the group by its tab. Dragging a tab to change its position To reposition panels, groups, and stacks in the workspace, simply drag them by the title bar.

Dragging a whole panel group or stack to a new position Grouping, stacking, and docking You can create custom groups by dragging one panel into another. Release the mouse button to create the new group. To stack panels, drag the desired tab to the top or bottom of another panel.

When you see the blue drop zone appear, release the mouse button. Creating panel stacks Floating panels can be docked to the right, left, or bottom of the Dreamweaver workspace. To dock a panel, group, or stack, drag its title bar to the edge on which you wish to dock. Dreamweaver CS6 includes 11 prebuilt workspaces.

To access these workspaces, choose them from the Workspace menu located in the Application bar. Coder workspace he Designer workspace provides the optimum environment for visual designers. You will explore the capabilities of these toolbars in later exercises. You can store these conigura- tions in a custom workspace of your own naming. To save a custom workspace, create your desired coniguration, choose New Workspace from the Workspace menu in the Application bar, and then give it a custom name.

Keyboard shortcuts are loaded and preserved independent of custom workspaces. Create it yourself. Click OK. Note that the Save All command does not have an existing shortcut, although you will use this command frequently in Dreamweaver. Note the error message indicating that the keyboard combination you chose is already assigned to a command.

You have created your own keyboard shortcut—one you will use in upcoming lessons. When the HTML button is selected, you can apply heading or paragraph tags, as well as bold, italics, bullets, numbers, and indenting, among other formatting and attributes. CSS Property inspector Image properties Select an image in a webpage to access the image-based attributes and formatting control of the Property inspector.

Image Property inspector table properties To access table properties, insert your cursor in a table and then click the table tag selector at the bottom of the document window. It is the structure and substance of the Internet, although it is usually unseen except by the web designer. Without it, the web would not exist. Dreamweaver has many features that help you access, create, and edit HTML code quickly and efectively.

Most people confuse the program with the technology. Print designers are used to working with iles ending with. Designers have learned over time that opening these ile formats in a diferent program may produce unacceptable results or even damage the ile.

On the other hand, the goal of the web designer is to create a webpage for display in a browser. In fact, it is a nonproprietary, plain-text language that can be edited in any text editor, in any operating system, and on any computer. Dreamweaver is an HTML editor at its core, although it is much more than this. Where did htmL begin? He intended the technology as a means for sharing technical papers and information via the ledgling Internet that existed at the time.

He shared his HTML and browser inventions openly as an attempt to get the scien- tiic community and others to adopt it and engage in the development themselves.

At the time of this writing, HTML is at version 4. It consists of around 90 tags, such as html, head, body, h1, p, and so on. When two matching tags appear this way, they are referred to as an element.

Some elements are used to create page structures, others to format text, and yet others to enable interactivity and programmability. Even though Dreamweaver obviates the need for writing most of the code manually, the ability to read and interpret HTML code is still a recommended skill for any burgeoning web designer. And sometimes, writing the code by hand is the only way to ind an error in your webpage.

Tags are enclosed within angle brackets. Empty tags, like the horizontal rule, can be written in an abbreviated fashion, as shown above. Like an iceberg, most of the content of the actual webpage remains out of sight. Navigate to the desktop, select irstpage. Congratulations, you just created your irst webpage. Finish by typing and easy! In fact, you could add hundreds of paragraph returns between the lines and dozens of spaces between each word, and the browser display would be no diferent.

By inserting a tag here and there, you can easily create the desired text display. Entities are entered into the code using the standard diferently than tags. For example, the method for inserting a nonbreaking key keyboard.

Switch to the browser and reload or refresh the page display. Because the tags and entities were added, the browser can display the desired paragraph structure and spacing.

Besides creating paragraph structures and creating white space as demonstrated earlier, they can impart basic text formatting, as well as identify the relative importance of the page content. Heading tags are automatically formatted in bold and often at a larger relative size.

In this exercise, you will add a heading tag to the irst line: 1 Switch back to the text editor. Note how the text changed.

It is now larger and formatted in boldface. Web designers use heading tags to identify the importance of speciic content and to help improve their site rankings on Google, Yahoo, and other search engines.

A typical use of inline code would be to apply bold or italic styling to a word or to a portion of a paragraph. In this exercise, you will apply inline formatting: 1 Switch back to the text editor. Notice how 3 Save the ile. A webpage can exist without this section, but adding any advanced functionality to this page without one would be diicult.

Did you notice what changed? It may not be obvious at irst. Look at the title bar of the browser window. A well-titled page could be ranked higher than one with a bad title or one with none at all. Keep your titles short but meaningful.

Click Create. A new document window opens in Dreamweaver. Dreamweaver makes it a simple matter to format the irst line as a heading 1.

Note how Dreamweaver automatically opens a drop-down list of compatible code elements. Tired of hand-coding yet? Dreamweaver ofers multiple ways to format your content. When you reached for the B and I buttons in step 14, were they missing? When you make changes in Code view, the Property inspector occasionally needs to be refreshed before you can access the formatting commands featured there.

Simply click the Refresh button, and the formatting commands will reappear. Only two more tasks remain before your new page is complete. You could select the text within the code window and enter a new title, or you could change it using another built-in feature. Note that the new title text appears in the code, replacing the original content.

Navigate to the desktop. Name the ile secondpage, and click Save. Dreamweaver adds the proper extension. You have just completed two webpages—one by hand and the other using Dreamweaver. In both cases, you can see how HTML played a central role in the whole process. To learn more about this technology, go to www. Tags can create structures, apply formatting, identify logical content, or generate interactivity. Tags that create stand-alone structures are called block elements; the ones that perform their work within the body of another tag are called inline elements.

To get the most out of Dreamweaver and your webpages, it helps to understand the nature of these elements and how they are used. Remember, some tags can serve multiple purposes.

Table 2. Creates a hyperlink. Used extensively to simulate columnar layouts. Adds semantic emphasis. Creates bold headings. Defines a numbered list. Creates a stand-alone paragraph. Displays as bold by default. Designates a table cell. Defines a bulleted list. So, what does that mean for current or up-and-coming web designers?

Not much—yet. Websites and their developers change and adapt to current technologies and market realities quickly, but the underlying technologies progress at a more glacial pace. Browser manufacturers are already supporting many of the new features of HTML5 today. Early adopters will attract developers and users who are interested in the latest and greatest, which means that older, non-HTML5-compliant brows- ers will be abandoned as these new features are implemented in the majority of popular websites.

In any case, backward-compatibility to HTML 4. HTML 4. Some of these elements have been deprecated or removed altogether, and new ones have been adopted or proposed. Many of the changes to the list revolve around supporting new technologies or dif- ferent types of content models. Some changes simply relect customs or techniques that have been popularized within the developer community since the previous version of HTML was adopted.

Other changes simplify the way code is created and make it easier to write and faster to disseminate. Almost 30 old tags have been deprecated, which means HTML5 features nearly 50 new elements in total.

Take a few moments to familiarize yourself with these tags and their descriptions. Multiple sources can be defined for browsers that do not support the default resource. It is a move- ment that has important ramiications for the future and usability of HTML and for the interoperability of websites on the Internet. At the moment, each webpage stands alone on the web. Search engines do their best to index the content that appears on every site, but much of it is lost because of the nature and structure of old HTML code.

HTML was initially designed as a presentation language. In other words, it was intended to display technical documents in a browser in a readable and predict- able manner. Was it a title or merely a subheading? HTML5 has added a signiicant number of new tags to help us add meaning to our markup. If you are new to web design, this transition will be painless, because you have nothing to relearn and no bad habits to break. If you already have experience building webpages and applications, this book will guide you safely through some of these waters and introduce the new technologies and techniques in a logical and straightforward way.

Valid HTML 4 code will remain valid for the foreseeable future. HTML5 was intended to make your task easier by allowing you to do more, with less work. To see the complete list of HTML5 elements, check out www.

To learn more about W3C, check out www. An inline element can exist within another element. The language and syntax is complex, powerful, and end- lessly adaptable; it takes time and dedication to learn and years to master. HTML was never intended to be a design medium. Other than bold and italic, version 1. Designers resorted to various tricks to produce the desired results.

For example, they used HTML tables to simu- late multicolumn and complex layouts for text and graphics, and they used images when they wanted to display typefaces other than Times or Helvetica. Using the expanded table mode in Dreamweaver top , you can see how this webpage relies on tables and images to produce the inal design bottom. Using CSS lets you strip the HTML code down to its essential content and structure and then apply the formatting separately, so you can more easily tailor the webpage to spe- ciic applications.

Click in the Design view window to update the display. Make a mistake, like typing greeen or geen, and the browser will ignore the color formatting altogether. Note that the code contains two color: blue; attributes. In Design view, all the heading elements display in green.

In Design view, the paragraph elements have changed to green. So even if you do nothing, the text will already be formatted in a certain way. One of the essential tasks in mastering CSS is learning and understanding these defaults. If necessary, select Design view to preview the contents of the ile. Each element exhibits basic styling for traits such as size, font, and spacing, among others. A quick look will tell you that there is no obvious styling information in the ile, but the text still displays diferent kinds of formatting.

So where does it come from? And what are the settings? HTML elements draw characteristics from multiple sources. You can ind a default style sheet at www. To save time and give you a bit of a head start, the following table pulls together some of the most common defaults. Body text Outside of a table cell, text aligns to the left and starts at the top of the page. This default is not honored by all browsers. Fonts Text color is black. Default typeface and font is specified and supplied by the browser or by browser preferences specified by the manufacturer and then by the user.

Margins Spacing external to the element box. Many HTML elements feature some form of margin spacing. Padding Spacing between the box border and the content. According to the default style sheet, no element features default padding.

Unfortunately, even diferent versions identify the browsers that visitors in your of the same browser can produce wide target audience use. IE Other 0. In January , the W3C published statistics, shown in the image above, identifying the most popular browsers. Although this chart shows the basic breakdown in the browser world, it obscures the fact that multiple versions of each browser are still being used.

To make matters more complicated, although these statistics are valid for the Internet overall, the statistics for your own site may vary wildly. Css box model he browser normally reads the HTML code, interprets its structure and format- ting, and then displays the webpage.

It imposes an imaginary box around each element and then enables you to format almost every aspect of how that box and its contents are displayed. The box model is a programmatic construct imposed by CSS that enables you to format, or redeine, the default settings of any HTML element.

In most instances these boxes are invisible, and although CSS gives you the ability to format them, it does not require you to do so. Open boxmodel. Content vs. Here is identical HTML content, side by side. Formatting text You can apply CSS formatting in three ways: inline, embedded in an internal style sheet , or linked via an external style sheet. A CSS formatting instruction is called a rule. A rule consists of two parts—a selector and one or more declarations.

Applying a CSS rule is not a simple matter of selecting some text and applying a paragraph or character style, as in Adobe InDesign or Adobe Illustrator. CSS rules can afect single words, paragraphs of text, or combinations of text and objects.

A single rule can afect an entire page. A rule can be speciied to begin and end abruptly, or to format content continuously until changed by a subsequent rule. The way the selector is written HTML element determines how the styling is applied and Multiple how the rules interact with one another. Cascade theory he cascade theory describes how the order and placement of rules in the style sheet or on the page afects the application of styling. In other words, if two rules conlict, which one wins out?

Note that the code contains two CSS rules that are identical except that they apply diferent colors: red or blue. Both rules want to format the same elements, but only one will be honored.

Obviously, the second rule won. Because the second rule is the last one declared, which makes it the closest one to the actual content. You have switched the order of the rules.

Both proximity and the order in which rules appear within the markup are powerful factors in how CSS is applied. When you try to determine which CSS rule will be honored and which formatting will be applied, browsers typically use the following order of hierarchy, with 3 being the most powerful. Browser defaults. If both are present, the one declared last supersedes the earlier entry in conlicts.

Inline styles within the HTML element itself. Inheritance theory he inheritance theory describes how one rule can be afected by one or more pre- viously declared rules. Inheritance can afect rules of the same name as well as rules that format parent elements or elements that nest one inside another. In Split view, observe the CSS code. In other words, since both rules do something diferent, both will be honored.

Far from being a mistake or an unintended consequence, the ability to build rich and elaborate formatting using multiple rules is one of the most powerful and complex aspects of cascading style sheets.

Redundant code should be avoided whenever possible. It adds to the size of the code as well as to the time it takes to download and process it. By using inheritance, you can create the same efect with a single rule. All the elements remain formatted as blue Verdana. One rule is now formatting three diferent elements.

You may have also noticed that the two h1 rules combined create the same styling applied by the new div rule. They are needed in almost every industry and size of business.

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